Methodological considerations for determining the volume and intensity of drop jump training. A systematic, critical and prepositive review.

This systematic review provides critical and propositional information on criteria for determining the volume and intensity of drop jumps during plyometric training programs. Eligibility criteria were defined according to PICOS: Participants: male or female athletes, trained or recreationally active (16-40 years). Intervention duration: more than 4 weeks. COMPARATORS: passive or active control group during a plyometric training program. OUTCOMES: information on improvement with Drop Jump or Depth Jump, with other jumps, acceleration, sprint, strength, and power output. DESIGN: randomized controlled trials. We searched articles published in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search was conducted until 10 September 2022 for English-language articles only. The risk of bias was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) for randomized controlled studies. We identified 31495 studies, of which only 22 were included. We found that six groups presented results with women, 15 presented results with men, and the remaining four presented mixed studies. Of the 686 people recruited, 329 participants aged 25.79 ± 4.76 years were involved in training. Methodological problems in training intensity, volume distribution, and individualization were noted, but methodological recommendations for their solution are also provided. It is concluded that the drop height should not be understood as the intensity determinant of plyometric training. Intensity is determined by ground reaction forces, power output, and jump height, among other factors. Furthermore, the athletes' experience level selection should be based on the formulas recommended within this research. These results could be helpful for those who intend to conduct new plyometric training programs and research.

Efeitos de um treinamento de 16 semanas sobre a composição corporal de homens e mulheres / Effect of a sixteen weeks training program in body composition of sedentary individuals

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio associado ao treinamento de força durante 16 semanas sobre a composição corporal de indivíduos sedentários. Foram selecionados 40 indivíduos, sendo 20 homens e 20 mulheres, com idade de 35-55 anos. O treinamento constou de 3 sessões semanais de 60 min, sendo 30 min para exercícios aeróbios e 30 min para exercícios com pesos. A porcentagem de gordura (%G), massa gorda (kg), massa magra (kg) e a relação massa magra/massa gorda foram calculadas mediante a aplicação das equações de JACKSON et al., (1980) para mulheres e JACKSON; POLLOCK, (1978) para homens. Na estatística aplicou-se o teste t de Student, com P<0.05. Os resultados mostraram reduções significativas na %G, de 27.4% para 23.6% entre os homens e de 33.1% para 29.6% entre as mulheres. Nas medidas de circunferências, o grupo masculino exibiu redução de 102 cm para 98.5 cm (abdômen) e de 98 cm para 94.5 cm (cintura). Nas mulheres as reduções foram de 84 cm para 80 cm (abdômen) e de 80 cm para 76 cm (cintura). A massa magra não sofreu alterações em ambos os grupos. Concluiu-se que o treinamento associado de exercícios aeróbios e com pesos, constitui um importante instrumento para a melhora da composição corporal de indivíduos com sobrepeso, podendo melhorar a saúde e qualidade de vida dos mesmos.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a sixteen weeks training program on sedentary individuals. Were included, 40 sedentary individuals, 20 male and 20 female, between 35-55 years old. The training program included 3 weekly one hour bouts, the sessions were divided in 30 minutes of aerobic exercise and 30 minutes of resistance exercise. For body fat percentage (%G), fat mass (Kg), lean body mass and the lean/fat mass ratio estimation, were used the JACKSON et al. (1980) equation for women and JACKSON; POLLOCK (1978) equation for men. The statistical analysis was done by test t of student with significance level of 5%. The sixteen weeks training program had positive effects on %G, reducing the inicial average value from 27,4% to 23,6% among males, and from 33,1% to 29,6% among females. The fat free mass was maintained in both sexes. There were significant reductions (p<0.05), in the abdominal and waist circunference, in male (abdominal= from 102cm to 98,5cm after training and waist= from 98cm to 94,5cm after training); and in women (abdominal= from 84cm to 80cm and waist= from 80cm to 76cm). In conclusion, the sixteen weeks training program could result in benefic effects in body composition of the participants in the study and is an important tool in the search of a health life quality and lifespan.

Buscando relações entre velocidade deabordagem e desempenho em saltoshorizontais: estudo a partir de atletasde elite do troféu Brasil de atletismo 2003 / Run-up speed and jumping performance relationships: analysis of brazilian elite athletes

O salto em distância e o salto triplo são conhecidos no atletismo como “saltos horizontais”, onde o atleta tem a finalidade de percorrer a maior distância horizontal possível, em um único salto (salto em distância) ou em uma seqüência de três saltos consecutivos (salto triplo). A velocidade de saída da tábua parece ser um fator importante na determinação dessas distâncias, e é provavelmente influenciada pela velocidade da corrida de abordagem. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: a) determinar a relação entre velocidade média de abordagem e desempenho nas provas de saltos horizontais, e b) verificar se a velocidade de abordagem difere quando omparamos saltos em distância e triplo. A amostra foi composta pelos 32 atletas das provas masculinas de saltos horizontais do Troféu Brasil de Atletismo em 2003, investigando-se o resultado oficial e a velocidade média de corrida nos 5 metros finais da abordagem. Encontrou-se valores altos de correlação entre velocidade de abordagem e desempenho nos saltos horizontais, sendo maiores no salto em distância (r = 0,72) que no salto triplo (r = 0,58). Velocidade de abordagem no salto em distância tende a ser maior que no triplo, embora a diferença não tenha sido significante, enquanto relações individuais tendem a ser menores que para o grupo, podendo em alguns casos até mesmo assumirem valores negativos.

Long jump and triple jump belong to a group of athletic events known as “horizontal jumps”, whose goal is - after a preparatory run-up - to cover the furthest horizontal distance by mean of a single jump (long jump) or a sequence of three jumps (triple jump). Take-off velocity is an important factor determining these distances, and it is influenced by approach speed. The objectives of this study were: a) to determine the relationship between approach speed and horizontal jumping performance, and b) to verify if approach speed is different when we compare long and triple jump. Thirty-two male athletes competing at Troféu Brasil 2003 were studied. The official result and the mean speed measured at the last 5-m of the approach run were investigated. High correlation values were found between approach speed and long jump performance (r = 0,72), but this relationship was not as high for the triple jump (r = 0,58). Approach speed shows the tendency to be higher at the long jump than at the triple jump. Individual relationships show the tendency to be lower than the group ones, and in some cases are negatives.